Dassault-Brequet Mirage 2000

The plane i like best second to F 35s.

Role: interceptor, multi-role fighter-bomber
Builder: Dassault-Brequet
Variants: 2000A (prototype), 2000B, 2000C, 2000-5, 2000-5F, 2000E, 2000ED, 2000ER, 2000P, 2000N, 2000D, 2000S, 2000-9
Operators: France, Adu Dhabi, (Brazil), Egypt, Greece, India, Peru, Qatar, Taiwan, United Arab Emirates

Mirage 2000 is a low-set delta wing combat aircraft which is an extremely agile and manoeuvrable fighter developed for the French Air Force. The Mirage 2000 started its service life as an interceptor, designated 2000C and the two-seat trainer 2000B. The 2000-5 is a multi-role variant capable of using the Super 530D or Sky Flash Air-to-Air Missiles. Initially ordered 37 Mirage 2000C by the French Air Force have been updated to 2000-5 standard, designated 2000-5F. Export models are designated 2000E for the single seat fighters and 2000ED for two-seat trainers and 2000ER for single seat recce variants.

The Mirage 2000P (Penetration), later designated 2000N (Nuclear), is a low-altitude attack aircraft capable of delevering the ASMP tactical nuclear missile and was based on the Mirage 2000B two-seat trainer variant. It has a revised avionics suite and strengthened fuselage for the low-altitude role and the Antilope 5 nose radar, which is optimized for terrain following, ground mapping and navigation are has aditional air-to-air and air-to-sea modes. The rear seat is occupied by a WSO which has twin navigation systems and an additional moving map. The aircraft configurated with only the ASMP missile and 2 Magic AAMs is designated 2000N-K1, while the K2 configuration can also carry alternative loads.

Developed from the 2000N-K2 is the Mirage 2000D, equipped with GPS it is developed for the use of laser guided weapons, but is not capable of carrying the ASMP missile. The 2000D-R1N1L is equipped with laser guided weapons and Magic AAMs only, while the R1 configuration can be equipped with the full range of conventional weapons. The R2 configuration is upgraded with a fully integrated self-defence suite and is compatible with the Apache stand-off weapons dispenser. The export model of the Mirage 2000D is designated 2000S, where the S stands for Strike.

Mirage 2000-9 is the designation for the upgraded version of the Mirage 2000 export models of the United Arab Emirates.

Dassault is now marketing the Mirage 2000-5 Mk.2 which will be built either as a new aircraft or retrofitted from currently operated Mirage 2000Cs or 2000Es. It features an integrated mission system with a glass cockpit, digital modular avionics and enhanced communications.

To put the meanings of ‘Civil Society’ definitively, civil means connected with people in a country, and society means the people in a country or area, thought of as a group, who has shared customs, and laws. So, the definitive meaning of a Civil Society is that an area under a well-defined operating political system in which a group of people, who shared the same laws, the Constitution, though they differ in some other areas dwell together.

However, I would prefer to interpret ‘Civil Society’ in my own understanding;

1. I.      The Birth of Society

First of all, I would like to express mankind as the basic unit of Society. This is because Society cannot stand alone without the existence of mankind. At the same time, only a single mankind could not be so called as a Society. So, there is a distinct relationship between these two things. Once living organisms evolved no matter by means of evolution or creation process, there might be a single mankind on earth. Later, it evolved and there formed a first group of mankind called ‘Family’. Thus here,’ Family’ become a very structural unit of society again. Later, the combinations of Families give rises to form ‘Clans’, a group of same inhabitant. And the further close relationship between ‘Clans’ exists and there formed a ‘Tribe’, which consists of the united of different ‘Clans’. Finally, the union of those ‘Tribes’ processed into what we today called          ’ Society’.

1. II.      Mankind, the basic unit of Society

Mankind is the basic unit of Society. The very time                   where Society came into existence is when mankind first noticed to reason and they found out and knew the advantages of working together than alone. There is no other possible way of formation of Society without the coexistence between the different tribes of ancient people in their time. And it is no accident that the intelligent and the ability to reason of mankind discover a better way to create a peaceful society among them.

1. III.      Freedom of Rights

Human beings are independent individuals in the animal kingdom differ from any other beings in the ways that human have got the ability to reason and decide what he want to be, what he should be and why he should be etc but any other animal does not have such ability. So far from reasoning, human discovered that Liberty and Freedom of rights are the very distinct characteristics that make human more higher among many species in the world. They soon noticed that they are the essence of being a human. Freedom of rights is defined as a human being has the right to do what he believes is right regardless of the limitation of any other limitations. Consequently, as being a part of Society, the rights of an individual may not harm the other individuals’ rights in the Society. And Freedom of rights and is  not only a theory and an ordinary imagination but it is  the flowing realities and that is what we called Natural Laws which later maintains civility in the society and civic virtue.

1. IV.      Becoming a Civil Society

Being a cornerstone in Society, human and their roles become very important as the society evolved from time to time, from the Stone Age to the I.T age. Based on the facts that every individuals have the freedom of rights regardless of standard, sex, race, religion and customs and by the voluntary decision of segments of the population, movements and non-government orgasms, together with the acknowledgement of the principles of equality and freedom of opinions, human successfully created a public sphere which act through people’s direct participation not for profit, but for the public and common good which we can call as ‘Civil Society’.

1. V.      Subsequent of Civil Society

Along with this newly formed ‘Civil Society’, there appeared a very popular ideology what we called ‘Democracy’. As Democracy emerges from the existence of Civil Society, and the Civil Society based of the fact that it is people-centered, Civil Society makes it enable to regulate the other factors in the society such as Market, Economy, State and Social Forces. Eventually, it balances them for the common and public good

1. VI.      The Meaning of Civil Society

So as for conclusion, Civil Society is composed of the totality of voluntary civic and social organizations and institutions that form the basis of a functioning society as opposed to the force-backed structures of a state and commercial institutions of the market.

Boeing Variants: YF-22A, F/A-22A, F-22A, (FB-22) Operators: USAF  The F-22 Raptor is the world’s first stealth air-to-air fighter. It is developed to replace the F-15C in the air superiority role. The F-22 is the first production aircraft with the ability to super cruise – flying at supersonic speeds without the use of afterburners.  In January 2003, the Air Warfare Center at Nellis Air Force Base near Las Vegas, Nevada, received its first Raptor. It was the twelth F-22 produced. The 422nd Test & Evaluation Squadron took on seven more F-22s for testing and training of the initial cadre of instructor pilots.  The 43rd Fighter Squadron became the first F-22 squadron when it received its first F-22 (then designated F/A-22) in the end of September in 2003. The unit of the 325th Fighter Wing carries out the training at Tyndall Air Force Base, Florida. In January 2004, the first pilot qualified at Tyndall AFB.  The 27th Fighter Squadron of the 1st Fighter Wing at Langley AFB became the first operational F-22 squadron when it received its first Raptor in Janaury 2005. The squadron was declared operational (initial operational capability) in December 2005 with 12 F-22A Raptors. Also based at Langley AFB, the 94th Fighter Squadron received its first two Raptors in March 2006. On January 19, 2007, the last of 40 F-22A Raptor for the 1st Fighter Wing was delivered to the 94th FS, equipping both fighter squadrons with 20 Raptors each.  In 2007, the first of 36 F-22 will enter service with the PACAF at Elmendorf AFB, which will then become the second F-22 operational base.  Previously the designation for the Raptor was changed to F/A-22 to indicate the possible air-to-ground role of the aircraft. JDAM bombs can be carried in the internal weapon bay, while the optional external pylons offer a more flexible station for air-to-ground armament. However the U.S. Air Force changed the designation back to F-22 in December 2005, although it will still posess the secondary air-to-ground role.  Lockheed Martin conducted a study in 2002 to develop a medium bomber from the F-22. The FB-22 would be a low cost, low risk way to develop a bomber that would fit the gap between the fighters and the long-range bombers. It would have a much larger wing, close to delta, to enable more weapons and fuel for longer range. Also the fuselage would be slightly longer to have a larger weapons bay. It could be powered by the F135 or F136 engines, now being developed for the F-35 Joint Strike Fighter. The concept design is also tailless, no vertical fins. If the military is interested, Lockheed/Boeing estimated that FB-22 flights could begin by 2013.  Sources: – AFM (2007), Air Forces Monthly #228 March 2007, p.15, Key Publishing, UK.